gender and demads in academy

https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/01/10/study-finds-female-professors-experience-more-work-demands-and-special-favor?utm_content=buffera7b9a&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=IHEbuffer

female faculty receive more requests from students
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11199-017-0872-6

woman in science, slate, jane hu

http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2014/06/women_in_science_a_new_study_on_how_male_professors_discriminate_against.html

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1403334111

todo: John Snow's cholera data, other math data from UAH

http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/data/Snow.html

http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/data/index.html

Handess is not determinded by genetics, good topic for student critiques

A news report on a genetic paper that is good case study for student critique. The original article is at http://www.inquisitr.com/981915/handedness-not-genetic/ . The modified article removed ads. 

GDP per capital by country, case study

Countries with small populations will have large sample variances, whereas countries with large population will have much smaller sample variances. There is a Ted talk on this, but I had not found the original video. I only remember it is from a population geneticist.

SEM = sigma / sqrt(sample_size)

R code for demo

world = rnorm(7.1E3)  #world population 7.1 billion
china = sample(world, 1.1E3)  #china 1.1 billion
c1 = sample(world, 20) #20 million pop for country c1

itr = 100
list.china = numeric(itr)
list.c1 = numeric(itr) 
for( i in 1:itr){
 list.china[i] = mean( sample(world, 1.1E3) )
 list.c1[i] = mean(sample(world, 20)  )
}


Reference: 

http://ablog.typepad.com/keytrendsinglobalisation/2013/05/only-30-of-the-world-now-has-a-higher-gdp-per-capita-than-china.html

Ted video on GDP per capital by country.

Cases for students study and discussion (in progress)

Handness is not genetic

http://www.inquisitr.com/981915/handedness-not-genetic/

Vaccines and autism 
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/03/29/175626824/the-number-of-early-childhood-vaccines-not-linked-to-autism

All published medical research are wrong? 

PlosMed Bayesian paper.

Sir2 controversy

Myopia and sleeping light, Correlation or causation?

Studies including this type of error are published even in leading biomedical journals. For example, a 1999 Nature study found a strong association between myopia, or near-sightedness, and night-time ambient light exposure during sleep in children. The authors concluded that it seems prudent that infants and young children sleep at night without artificial lighting in the bedroom. A later study refuted these findings and reported that, in this case, the cause of myopia was genetic, not environmental, as many of the study participants’ parents also suffered from the condition. Of course, the fact that “correlation does not imply causation” should not lead towards diametrically opposite conclusions that correlation could not point to a possible existence of causality. Correlations, especially the high value of the linear correlation coefficient, may point to the existence of causality, but the conclusion requires systematic examination.

Chocolate and brain development

One example of ecological inference fallacy is a 2012 paper in a New England Journal of Medicine: the study author found that there was a close and significant linear correlation between chocolate consumption per capita and the number of Nobel laureates per 10 million persons in a total of 23 countries. On the basis of this finding, he concluded that chocolate consumption enhances cognitive function and closely correlates with the number of Nobel laureates in each country. But without accurate data at the individual level, it is impossible to draw such a conclusion. For example, it was unknown how much and whether Nobel laureates consumed chocolate.

GDP per capita