climate change, mosquito borne disease

 

Mosquito-borne disease cases rising Rising temperatures and heavy rainfall are turning Europe into a breeding ground for mosquito-borne diseases, researchers warn. New figures show there have been 715 locally acquired cases of West Nile virus across 15 European countries this year. Climate change is creating cosy conditions for Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in places they couldn’t previously thrive, extending their range and the transmission period of the diseases they carry. “We are faced with a problem where new places could become hotspots of transmission that were not prepared for this before,” says genetic epidemiologist Houriiyah Tegally.

historic climate

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Where_is_the_best_website_for_obtaining_historical_climate_data

Would highly recommend Worldclim. I wouldn't go to the trouble of individual weather stations, worldclim already interpolates this data over large areas. You may however wish to check how many weather station are in your region of interest, which may indicate how accurate the data is.

http://www.worldclim.org/. (1970-2000.)

Synthetic WORLD CLIMATE  MAPS OF KÖPPEN-GEIGER since 1900 can be seen and downloaded at

http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/shifts.htm (1901-2100)

Berkeley Earth has global gridded temperature data: http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/data/ (1750-present)

Also the University of Delaware has gridded land temperature and rainfall from 1950 at half degree resolution: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/archive.html

… 

19TH CENTURY WEATHER (FORTS)

DATA & SERVICES: 19TH CENTURY WEATHER (FORTS)

https://mrcc.illinois.edu/data_serv/cdmp/cdmp.jsp

CMIP5 daily data on single levels

https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/projections-cmip5-daily-single-levels?tab=overview

This catalogue entry provides daily climate projections on single levels from a large number of experiments, models, members and time periods computed in the framework of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The term "single levels" is used to express that the variables are computed at one vertical level which can be surface (or a level close to the surface) or a dedicated pressure level in the atmosphere. Multiple vertical levels are excluded from this catalogue entry.

CMIP5 data are used extensively in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Reports (the latest one is IPCC AR5, which was published in 2014). The use of these data is mostly aimed at:

• addressing outstanding scientific questions that arose as part of the IPCC reporting process;
• improving the understanding of the climate system;
• providing estimates of future climate change and related uncertainties;
• providing input data for the adaptation to the climate change;
• examining climate predictability and exploring the ability of models to predict climate on decadal time scales;
• evaluating how realistic the different models are in simulating the recent past.

The term "experiments" refers to the three main categories of CMIP5 simulations:

• Historical experiments which cover the period where modern climate observations exist. These experiments show how the GCMs performs for the past climate and can be used as a reference period for comparison with scenario runs for the future. The period covered is typically 1850-2005.;
• Ensemble of experiments from the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), which prescribes the oceanic variables for all models and during all period of the experiment. This configuration removes the added complexity of ocean-atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system. The period covered is typically 1950-2005.
• Ensemble of climate projection experiments following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5. The RCP scenarios provide different pathways of the future climate forcing. The period covered is typically, 2006-2100 some extended RCP experimental data is available from 2100-2300.

In CMIP5, the same experiments were run using different GCMs. In addition, for each model, the same experiment was repeatedly done using slightly different conditions (like initial conditions or different physical parameterisations for instance) producing in that way an ensemble of experiments closely related. Note that CMIP5 GCM data can be also used as lateral boundary conditions for Regional Climate Models (RCMs). RCMs are also available in the CDS (see CORDEX datasets).

The data are produced by the participating institutes of the CMIP5 project. The latest CMIP GCM experiments will form the CMIP6 dataset, which will be published in the CDS in a later stage.

More details about the products are given in the Documentation section.

DATA DESCRIPTION
Data type	Gridded
Horizontal coverage	Global
Horizontal resolution	From 0.125°x0.125° to 5°x5° depending on the model
Vertical coverage	Variables are provided in one single level, which may differ among variables
Temporal coverage	From 1850 to 2300 (shorter for some experiments)
Temporal resolution	Day
File format	NetCDF

MAIN VARIABLES
Name	Units	Description
10m wind speed	m s-1	Magnitude of the two-dimensional horizontal air velocity near the surface.
2m temperature	K	Temperature of the air near the surface.
Daily near surface relative humidity	%	Amount of moisture in the air near the surface divided by the maximum amount of moisture that could exist in the air at a specific temperature and location.
Maximum 2m temperature in the last 24 hours	K	Daily maximum near-surface air temperature.
Mean precipitation flux	kg m-2 s-1	Amount of water per unit area and time.
Mean sea level pressure	Pa	Time average of the air pressure at sea level.
Minimum 2m temperature in the last 24 hours	K	Daily minimum near-surface air temperature.
Near surface specific humidity	Dimensionless	Amount of moisture in the air near the surface divided by amount of air plus moist at that location.
Snowfall	kg m-2 s-1	Mass of water in the form of snow precipitating per unit area.
Surface solar radiation downwards	W m-2	Radiative shortwave flux of energy downward at the surface.

Record updated 2020-05-14 15:52:20 UTC

https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview

ERA5-Land hourly data from 1981 to present

Hong can only found Dec 1, 2020 data on Feb 19, 2021. 

2022-02-02. Hong found the title changed to "1950 to present", and resolution changed to 0.1 degree with a resolution about 9km. 

down scaling climate modeling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downscaling