agar plate pictures

https://www.reddit.com/r/microbiology/comments/1et67h/photographing_agar_plates/

protein gel documentation rig at Amazon

vitamins

vitamins

维生素

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0

维生素（英语：Vitamin）是一系列有机化合物的统称。它们是生物体所需要的微量营养成分，而一般又无法由生物体自己生产，需要通过饮食等手段获得。维生素不能像糖类、蛋白质及脂肪那样可以产生能量，组成细胞，但是它们对生物体的新陈代谢起调节作用。缺乏维生素会导致严重的健康问题；适量摄取维生素可以保持身体强壮健康；过量摄取维生素却会导致中毒。

维生素分为两种，水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素。“水溶性维生素”易溶于水而不易溶于非极性有机溶剂，吸收后体内贮存很少，过量的多从尿中排出，且容易在烹调中遇热破坏；“脂溶性维生素”易溶于非极性有机溶剂，而不易溶于水，可随脂肪为人体吸收并在体内储积，排泄率不高。每一种维生素通常会产生多种反应，因此大多数维生素都有多种功能^[4]。

人体一共需要13种维生素，其中包括4种脂溶性维生素（维生素A，D，E，K）和9种水溶性维生素（8种维生素B，维生素C）。

人体会储藏脂溶性维生素，所以摄入过量会积存在身体特别是肝脏中，有中毒危险。水溶性维生素会通过肾脏排泄，相对安全，但是也不可摄入过量，因为有可能超量的维生素会在体内发生其他生物化学反应。

通常从食物中正常摄取维生素不会存在过量的问题，但是食用过多维生素药品就有可能发生危险。

============
维生素（英语：Vitamin）是一系列有机化合物的统称。它们是生物体所需要的微量营养成分，而一般又无法由生物体自己生产，需要通过饮食等手段获得。维生素对生物体的新陈代谢起调节作用。缺乏维生素会导致严重的健康问题；适量摄取维生素可以保持身体强壮健康；过量摄取维生素却会导致中毒。

维生素分为两种，水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素。“水溶性维生素”易溶于水而不易溶于非极性有机溶剂，吸收后体内贮存很少，过量的多从尿中排出，且容易在烹调中遇热破坏；“脂溶性维生素”易溶于非极性有机溶剂，而不易溶于水，可随脂肪为人体吸收并在体内储积，排泄率不高。每一种维生素通常会产生多种反应，因此大多数维生素都有多种功能^[4]。

人体一共需要13种维生素，其中包括4种脂溶性维生素（维生素A，D，E，K）和9种水溶性维生素（8种维生素B，维生素C）。

维生素A: 鱼肝油、红凤菜、红萝卜、地瓜叶、菠菜、秋葵、动物肝脏、麦麸、哈密瓜、水蜜桃、芒果

维生素B₁: 肉类、酵母、肝脏、大豆、糙米、胚芽米、米糠、芝麻、腰果、燕麦

维生素B₂: 酵母菌、蔬菜、蛋类、牡蛎、牛奶、乳酪

维生素B₃: 谷物、肝脏、米糠、蛋、牛奶、起士、乳酪

维生素B₅: 酵母、谷物、肝脏、蔬菜

维生素B₆ : 酵母、牛肉、胚芽、蛋类、乳制品

维生素B₇ : 酵母菌、肝脏、全麦面包

维生素B₁₂ : 肝脏、鱼类、肉类、蛋类

维生素C : 新鲜蔬菜、水果

维生素D : 鱼肝油、蛋黄、乳制品、酵母菌

维生素E : 胚芽﹑蛋黄、植物油、坚果类、鱼类: 

维生素K : 菠菜、苜蓿、白菜、肝脏

人体会储藏脂溶性维生素，所以摄入过量会积存在身体特别是肝脏中，有中毒危险。水溶性维生素会通过肾脏排泄，相对安全，但是也不可摄入过量，因为有可能超量的维生素会在体内发生其他生物化学反应。

通常从食物中正常摄取维生素不会存在过量的问题，但是食用过多维生素药品就有可能发生危险。

genome wide crisp screen in human pancreatic tumor cell line

* Nature medicine, 2017. genome wide SCRIPS screens reveal a Wnt-FZD5 signaling circuit as a druggable vulnerability of RNF43 mutant pancreativ tumaors

https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4219#supplementary-information
raw reads counts in Excel table
https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4219#supplementary-information

From the paper, Bayes Factor BF is the confidence of a gene caucses a decrease in fitness. So, high BF indicates decrease in fitness (essential genes), and low BF indicate proliferation.

FZD5 genes shows highest BF factor in 3 pancreatic cancer cell lines, but not in other cells lines. Hence, its essentiality is "context sensitive".

why python has no private variables in class

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1641219/does-python-have-private-variables-in-classes

NIH proposal FAQs

page limits
https://grants.nih.gov/grants/how-to-apply-application-guide/format-and-write/page-limits.htm

Font (size, color, type density) and Line Spacing

Adherence to font size, type density, line spacing and text color requirements is necessary to ensure readability and fairness. Although font requirements apply to all attachments, they are most important and most heavily scrutinized in attachments with page limits.

Text in your attachments must follow these minimum requirements:

• Font size:  Must be 11 points or larger. Smaller text in figures, graphs, diagrams and charts is acceptable, as long as it is legible when the page is viewed at 100%.
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• Type density:  Must be no more than 15 characters per linear inch (including characters and spaces).
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• Text color: No restriction. Though not required, black or other high-contrast text colors are recommended since they print well and are legible to the largest audience.

We recommended the following fonts, although other fonts (both serif and non-serif) are acceptable if they meet the above requirements.

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Legibility is of paramount importance. Applications that include PDF attachments that do not conform to the minimum requirements listed above may be withdrawn from consideration.

paper and margin
https://grants.nih.gov/grants/how-to-apply-application-guide/format-and-write/format-attachments.htm#papersizeandmargins 

• Use paper size no larger than standard letter paper size (8 ½" x 11”).
• Provide at least one-half inch margins (½" ) - top, bottom, left, and right - for all pages. No applicant-supplied information can appear in the margins.

human connectome, aging, and images

https://www.humanconnectome.org/

HEALTHY ADULT CONNECTOMESThe Human Connectome Project (HCP) has tackled one of the great scientific challenges of the 21st century: mapping the human brain, aiming to connect its structure to function and behavior.

American dream, opportunity atlas

https://www.opportunityatlas.org/

synthetic yeast

Shen MJ,  Heterozygou diploid and interspecies SCZCRaMbLEing
Nature communication, 2018 May

Hocherien L, L-SCRaMbLE as a tool for light controlled cre-mediated recombination in yeast
Nature communication, may 2018

Luo J, Karyotype engineering by chromosome fusion leads to reproductive isolation in yeast, Nature, August 2018.

Shao Y, Creating a functional single-chromosome yeast, Nature, August 2018.

Life history traits impact the nuclear rate of substitution but not the mitochondrial rate in isopods

https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/molbev/msy184/5106169?redirectedFrom=fulltext\

Golden–Thompson inequality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%E2%80%93Thompson_inequality

https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2008

S pombe 5UTR lifespan

Genetics, S pombe 5UTR chronological lifespan

duplicate genes in yeast genomes

http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/102/40/14338.full.pdf

yeast genomes

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/60


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/66

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?LinkName=genome_gene&from_uid=15

Song G., et al., 2014. AGAPE (Automated Genome Analysis PipelinE) for Pan-Genome 
Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.  PLoS ONE, in press.

Select item 151.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae


Baker's yeast, brewer's yeast

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
502

Haploid chromosomes: 
16
; 
Plasmids: 
1
; 
Organelles: 
1

Date: 
1992/03/16





ID: 
15


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 672.


Saccharomyces kudriavzevii


Budding yeast, member of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto group

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
20

Date: 
2003/05/22





ID: 
67


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 3423.


Saccharomyces pastorianus


Belongs to group I/Saaz-type lager yeast strains

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
14

Date: 
2009/03/11





ID: 
342


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 664.


Saccharomyces paradoxus


Saccharomyces sensu stricto budding yeast used in winemaking and sequenced for a comparative genomics study of Saccharomyces species

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
6

Haploid chromosomes: 
16
; 
Organelles: 
1

Date: 
2003/03/28





ID: 
66


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 605.


Saccharomyces mikatae


Saccharomyces sensu stricto budding yeast sequenced for comparative genomics studies of Saccharomycesspecies

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Date: 
2003/03/28





ID: 
60


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 596.


Saccharomyces bayanus


Saccharomyces sensu stricto budding yeast used in winemaking and sequenced for comparative genomics studies

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Date: 
2003/05/22





ID: 
59


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 118167.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces kudriavzevii


Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces kudriavzevii overview

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Plasmids: 
1

Date: 
2011/12/23





ID: 
11816


Assembly BioProject Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 160458.


Saccharomyces sp. 'boulardii'


Saccharomyces sp. 'boulardii' Organism overview

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
8

Haploid chromosomes: 
18

Date: 
2013/08/01





ID: 
16045


Assembly BioProject Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 145199.


Saccharomyces uvarum


Bottom-fermenting wine yeast

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
6

Date: 
2003/03/28





ID: 
14519


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 1309010.


Saccharomyces arboricola


Yeast living in Quercus bark

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Haploid chromosomes: 
16
; 
Organelles: 
1

Date: 
2012/08/16





ID: 
13090


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 5897311.


Saccharomyces sp. M14


Saccharomyces sp. M14 overview

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Date: 
2017/09/27





ID: 
58973


Assembly BioProject Components Taxonomy





Select item 4106612.


Saccharomyces eubayanus


The cold-tolerant parent of hybrid lager-brewing yeasts

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Haploid chromosomes: 
16
; 
Plasmids: 
1
; 
Organelles: 
1

Date: 
2015/08/19





ID: 
41066


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 7164413.


Saccharomyces jurei



Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Haploid chromosomes: 
17
; 
Organelles: 
1

Date: 
2018/08/19





ID: 
71644


Assembly BioProject Components PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 20614.


Kazachstania servazzii


Saccharomyces sensu lato yeast sequenced for a comparative genomics study

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Date: 
2017/07/05





ID: 
206


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 6915.


Lachancea kluyveri


Petite-negative budding yeast (known as Lachancea kluyveri or Saccharomyces kluyveri) sequenced for comparative genomics studies

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Haploid chromosomes: 
8

Date: 
2003/05/22





ID: 
69


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 6816.


Naumovozyma castellii


Member of the Saccharomyces sensu lato budding yeast group

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Haploid chromosomes: 
10

Date: 
2003/05/22





ID: 
68


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 8717.


Lachancea waltii


Related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae but diverged before a whole genome duplication event from which Baker's yeast arose

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Date: 
2004/03/15





ID: 
87


Assembly BioProject Components PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 1209418.


Naumovozyma dairenensis


A yeast in the Saccharomyces sensu lato group

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
2

Haploid chromosomes: 
11

Date: 
2011/08/16





ID: 
12094


Assembly BioProject Gene Components Protein PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 71919.


Vanderwaltozyma polyspora


Yeast (aka Kluyveromyces polysporus) that represents the post-WGD lineage most divergent from Saccharomycescerevisiae

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
1

Date: 
2007/04/25





ID: 
719


Assembly BioProject Components PubMed Taxonomy





Select item 1190120.


Brettanomyces bruxellensis


Cause of wine spoilage

Kingdom: 
Eukaryota
; 
Subgroup: 
Ascomycetes

Sequence data: genome assemblies:
6

Date: 
2012/04/27